Primary Sources On This Website

Primary Sources Elsewhere

  • Behn, Aphra. Orronoko, Or, the Royal Slave: A True History. London, 1688.
  • Cieza de León, Pedro de. The Incas of Pedro Cieza de León. Translated by Harriet de Onis. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959).
  • Cobo, Bernabé. History of the Inca Empire: An Account of the Indians’ Customs and Their Origin, Together with a Treatise on Inca Legends, History, and Social Institutions. Translated by Roland Hamilton. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.
  • Cobo, Bernabé. Inca Religion and Customs. Translated by Roland Hamilton. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
  • Fromont, Cécile. “Paper, Ink, Vodun, and the Inquisition: Tracing Power, Slavery, and Witchcraft in the Early Modern Portuguese Atlantic.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 88.2 (2020): 460-504. [Includes useful images.]
  • Garcilaso de la Vega, El Inca. Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru. 2 vols. Translated by Harold Livermore. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1966.
  • Guaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe. El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno. Edited by Rolena Adorno, John Murra, and Jorge Urioste. Mexico: Siglo Veintiuno, 1980.
  • Murúa, Martín de. Historia general del Piru: Facsimile of J. Paul Getty Museum Ms. Ludwig XIII 16. Edited by Barbara Anderson and Thomas Cumming. Los Angeles: The Getty Research Institute, 2008.
  • Peabody, Sue, and Keila Grinberg, eds. Slavery, Freedom, and the Law in the Atlantic World: A Brief History with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s 2007. See especially docs. 1 (The Code Noir, 1685), 23 (Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala, African Slaves and Incas in Seventeenth-Century Peru, ca. 1615) and 34 (Portuguese Crown, Ordinances and Laws of the Kingdom of Portugal Compiled by Mandate of the Very High Catholic and Powerful King Philip, 1603).
  • Post, Frans. 1656. Plantation Settlement in Brazil. Place: Sammlung Thyssen-Bornemisza. [Search in ArtStor]
  • Post, Frans. 1637-44. Sugar Mill. Place: Musées royaux des beaux-arts de Belgique. [Search in ArtStor]
  • Staden, Hans. The True History of His Captivity 1557. Trans. Malcolm Letts. London; New York: Routledge Curzon, 2004.

Selected Bibliography

  • Arrelucea-Barrantes, Maribel. “Work, Family, and Honor: Understanding Colonial Slavery in Peru.” Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 35, no. 3, 4 (2012): 273-296.
  • Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella. “The Struggle for Mapuche Shamans’ Masculinity: Colonial Politics of Gender, Sexuality, and Power in Southern Chile.” Ethnohistory 51.3 (2004): 489-533.
  • Botelho, Tarcisio R. “Labour Ideologies and Labour Relations in Colonial Portuguese America, 1500-1700.” International Review of Social History 56 (2011): 275-296.
  • Bourget, Steve. “Rituals of Sacrifice: Its Practice at Huaca de la Luna and Its Representation in Moche Iconography.” In Moche Art and Archaeology in Ancient Peru, edited by Joanne Pillsbury, 88-109. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 2001.
  • Bowser, Brenda J. “Captives in Amazonia: Becoming Kin in a Predatory Landscape.” In Invisible Citizens: Captives and their Consequences, edited by Catherine M. Cameron, 262-282. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2008.
  • Brockington, Lolita Gutiérrez. “The African Diaspora in the Eastern Andes: Adaptation, Agency, and Fugutive Action, 1573-1677.” The Americas 57.2 (2000): 207-224.
  • Brown, Kendall W. A History of Mining in Latin America: From the Colonial Era to the Present. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2012.
  • Bryant, Sherwin K. Rivers of Gold: Lives of Bondage: Governing through Slavery in Colonial Quito. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.
  • Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel. “Learning the Ropes in the Tropics: Slavery and the Plantation System on the Island of São Tome.” African Economic History 39 (2011): 35-71.
  • Chamberlain, Willian. “Silencing Genocide: The Jesuit Ministry in Colonial Cartagena de Indias and Its Legacy.” Journal of Black Studies 49.7 (2018): 672-693.
  • Chambouleyron, Rafael. “Indian Freedom and Indian Slavery in the Portuguese Amazon.” In Building the Atlantic Empires: Unfree Labor and Imperial States in the Political Economy of Capitalism, ca. 1500-1914, John Donoghue and Evelyn P. Jennings, eds. Leiden: Brill, 2016, 54-71.
  • Cole, Jeffrey A. The Potosí Mita, 1573-1700: Compulsory Indian Labor in the Andes. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985.
  • da Silva, Daniel B. Domingues and Alexandre Vieira Ribeiro. “Amazonia and North-East Brazil in the Atlantic Slave Trade; An Assessment of the Brazilian Slave Trade North of Rio de Janeiro.” Atlantic Studies 17.4 (2020): 485-507.
  • Donnan, Christopher B., and Donna McClelland. Moche Fineline Painting: Its Evolution and Its Artists. Los Angeles: Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 1999.
  • Echeverri, Marcela. “‘Enraged to the Limit of Despair:’ Infanticide and Slave Judicial Strategies in Barbacoas, 1788-98.” Slavery and Abolition 30.3 (2009): 403-426.
  • Fausto, C. “Of Enemies and Pets: Warfare and Shamanism in Amazonia.” American Ethnologist 26.4 (1999): 933-956.
  • Fragoso, João and Ana Rios. “Slavery and Politics in Colonial Portuguese America: The Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 3, AD 1420 – AD 1804, edited by David Eltis and Stanley Engerman, 350-377. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  • Graubart, Karen B. With Our Labor and Sweat: Indigenous Women and the Formation of Colonial Society in Peru, 1550-1700. Stanford: Stanford Universty Press, 2007.
  • Lane, Kris. “The Transition from Encomienda to Slavery in Seventeenth-Century Barbacoas (Colombia).” Slavery & Abolition 21.1 (2000): 73-95.
  • Lane, Kris. Quito 1599: City and Colony in Transition. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002.
  • Larson, Brooke. Colonalism and Agrarian Transformation in Bolivia: Cochabamba, 1550-1900. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998 [1988].
  • Latasa, Pilar. “’If They Remained as Mere Words:’ Trent, Marriage, and Freedom in the Viceroyalty of Peru, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries.” The Americas 73.1 (2016): 13-38.
  • Laviña, Javier and Michael Zeuske. “Failures of Atlantization: First Slaveries in Venezuela and Nueva Granada.” Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 31.3 (2008): 297-342.
  • Marchant, Alexander. From Barter to Slavery: The Economic Relations of Portuguese Indians in the Settlement of Brazil, 1500-1580. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1942.
  • McKinley, Michelle. “Fractional Freedoms: Slavery, Legal Activism and Ecclesiastical Courts in Colonial Lima, 1593-1689.” Law & History Review 28.3 (2010): 749-790.
  • McKnight, Kathryn Joy. “Confronted Rituals: Spanish Colonial and Angolan ‘Maroon’ Executions in Cartagena de Indias (1634).” Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 5.3 (2004): np.
  • Medina, Charles Beatty. “Caught Between Rivals: The Spanish-African Maroon Competition for Captive Indian Labor in the Region of Esmeraldas During the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries.” The Americas 63, no. 1 (2006): 113–136.
  • Metcalf, Alida A. “Slavery.” In Alida A. Metcalf. Go-Betweens and the Colonization of Brazil: 1500-1600. University of Texas Press, 2006, 157-193.
  • Montero, Raquel Gil and Paula C. Zagalsky. “Colonial Organization of Mine Labour in Charcas (Present-Day Bolivia) and its Consequences (Sixteenth to the Seventeenth Centuries).” International Review of Social Hisotry 61 (2016): 71-92.
  • Montero, Raquel Gil. “Free and Unfree Labour in the Colonial Andes in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.” International Review of Social History 56 (2011): 297-318.
  • Newson, Linda A. & Susie Minchin. “Slave Mortality and African Origins: A View from Cartagena, Colombia, in the Early Seventeenth Century.” Slavery & Abolition 25.3 (2004): 18-43.
  • Newson, Linda A. and Susie Minchin. From Capture to Sale: The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish South America in the Early Seventeenth Century. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
  • Noack, Karoline, and Kerstin Nowack. “The Question of Slavery in the Inca State.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History, ed. Damian Pargas and Juliane Schiel. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023. This book is open-access.
  • O’Toole, Rachel Sarah. Bound Lives: Africans, Indians, and the Making of Race in Colonial Peru. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012.
  • Phillips, William D., Jr. “Slavery in the Atlantic Islands and the Early Modern Spanish Atlantic World.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 3, AD 1420 – AD 1804, edited by David Eltis and Stanley Engerman, 325-349. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  • Pillsbury, Joanne, ed. Guide to documentary sources for Andean studies, 1530-1900. 3 vols. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008.
  • Prieto, Gabriel, John W. Verano, Nicolas Goepfert, Douglas Kennett, Jeffrey Quilter, Steven LeBlanc, and Lars Fehren-Schmitz, et al. “A mass sacrifice of children and camelids at the Huanchaquito-Las Llamas site, Moche Valley, Peru.” PLoS ONE 14, no. 3 (2019).
  • Robins, Nicholas A. Mercury, Mining, and Empire: The Human and Ecological Cost of Colonial Silver Mining in the Andes. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.
  • Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, Maria. History of the Inca Realm. Translated by Harry Iceland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Rowe, J. H. “Inca Culture at the Time of the Spanish Conquest.” In Handbook of South American Indians, edited by J. H. Steward, 2:183–330. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946.
  • Santos-Granero, Fernando. “Amerindian Torture Revisisted: Rituals of Enslavement and Markers of Servitude in Tropical America.” Tipití, Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America 3.2 (2005): 147-174.
  • Santos-Granero, Fernando. Vital Enemies: Slavery, Predation and the Amerindian Political Economy of Life. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009.
  • Scheter, Andrew and John Verano (eds). Embattled Bodies, Embattled Places: War in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and the Andes. Washington, D.C. 2014.
  • Schultz, Kara D. “‘The Kingdom of Angola is not Very Far from Here:’ The South Atlantic Slave Port of Buenos Aires, 1585-1640.” Slavery & Abolition 36.3 (2015): 424-444.
  • Schwartz, Stuart B. Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels : Reconsidering Brazilian Slavery. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992.
  • Schwartz, Stuart B. Sugar Plantations In the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550-1835. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004 [1986].
  • Silva Campo, Ana María. “Through the Gate of the Media Luna: Slavery and the Geographies of Legal Status in Colonial Cartagena De Indias.” Hispanic American Historical Review 100.3 (2020): 391-421.
  • Stone, Erin. “Slave Raiders vs. Friars: Tierra Firme, 1513-1522.” The Americas 74.2 (2017): 139-170.
  • Townsend, Camilla. “Slavery in Precontact America.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 2, AD 500 – AD 1420, ed. Craig Perry, David Eltis, Stanley Engerman, and David Richardson, 553-570. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
  • Tung, Tiffany A., and Kelly J Knudson. “Identifying locals, migrants, and captives in the Wari Heartland: A bioarchaeological and biogeochemical study of human remains from Conchopata, Peru.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 30, no. 3 (2011): 247-261.
  • Tung, Tiffiny. “Violence Against Women: Differential Treatment of Local and Foreign Females in the Heartland of the Wari Empire, Peru.” In The Bioarchaeology of Violence, ed. Debra Martin, Ryan Harrod, and Ventura Pérez, 180-198. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2012.
  • Van Deusen, Nancy. “Indigenous Slavery’s Archive in Seventeenth Century Chile.” The Hispanic American Historical Review 101.1 (2021): 1-33.
  • Verano, John W. “Communality and Diversity in Moche Human Sacrifice.” In The Art and Archeology of the Moche, edited by Steve Bourget and Kimberly L. Jones, 195-213. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 2008.
  • Verano, John W. and Sara S. Phillips. “The Killing of Captives on the North Coast of Peru in Pre-Hispanic Times: Iconographic and Bioarchaeological Evidence.” In Ritual Violence in the Ancient Andes: Reconstructing Sacrifice on the North coast of Peru. Edited by Haagen D Klaus and J. Marla Toyne. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2016.
  • Wheat, David. “The First Great Waves: African Provenance Zones for the Transatlantic Slave Trade to Cartagena de Indias, 1570-1640.” Journal of African History 52.1 (2011): 1-22.
  • Whitehead, Neil. “Indigenous Slavery in South America, 1492-1820.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 3, AD 1420 – AD 1804, edited by David Eltis and Stanley Engerman, 248-274. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  • Zeuske, Michael. “The Rise of Atlantic Slavery in the Americas.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History, ed. Damian Pargas and Juliane Schiel. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023. This book is open-access.

Contributors

Hannah Barker, Catherine Cameron, Ky Greene, Stan Mirvis, John Verano