Europe
Primary Sources On this Website
- Visigothic Manumission Charters (7th century)
- Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of England (8th century)
- Life of Saint Findan (9th century)
- Miracles of Saint Opportuna (9th century)
- The Treaty of Lothar I (9th century)
- William of Malmesbury, The Life of Wulfstan (11th-12th century)
- Canon Law concerning Slave Marriage to Free People (12th century)
- Canon Law concerning the Children of Free Men and Enslaved Women (12th century)
- Slave Labor and Free Service in Genoa (12th-14th century)
- Slave Sale Contracts from Genoa (12th-15th century)
- Christian Capture of Muslim Captives and Slaves in the Thirteenth-Century Crown or Realms of Aragon (13th century)
- Concerning Persons and Divisions of Persons (13th century)
- Concerning Sellers of Male and Female Slaves (13th century)
- Laxdæla Saga (13th century)
- Manumission in Genoa (13th century)
- Initial Q from the Vidal Mayor: Two Soldiers Leading Two Slaves before a King (13th-14th century)
- Cali or Theodora? (14th century)
- Childcare and Slavery in Barcelona (14th century)
- Divorce Decree from Genoa (14th century)
- The Florentine Register of Slaves (14th century)
- Marco Polo’s Will (14th century)
- Slave Women and Their Children in Venetian Crete (14th century)
- Hans Schiltberger’s Slave Narrative (14th-15th century)
- A Consilium on Slavery from Genoa (15th century)
- Criminal Trials of Slaves in Venice (15th century)
- Demandes de Libertat: Enslaved Mothers Suing for Freedom in Late Medieval Iberia (15th century)
- Felix Fabri’s Wanderings in the Holy Land (15th century)
- A Former Slave Deceives Ibn Khalīl (15th century)
- The Miracle of the Relic of the True Cross on the Rialto Bridge: Enslaved Africans in Renaissance Venice (15th century)
- Misdeeds of Catalan Corsairs (15th century)
- Recruitment of Mamluks (15th century)
- A Slave Sale Contract from Venice (15th century)
- Portugal and the Japanese Slave Trade (16th century)
Primary Sources Elsewhere
- Adomnán of Iona, The Life of St. Columba. See especially “Concerning the illness with which the Druid Broichan was visited for his detention of a female slave, and his cure on her release.” Also Adomnán of Iona, The Life of St. Columba, trans. Richard Sharpe (London: Penguin Classics, 1995), 181-182. (7th century)
- Agobard of Lyon, On the Baptism of Slaves Belonging to Jews (9th century)
- Allen, S.J. and Emilie Amt, eds. The Crusades: A Reader. 2nd edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014. See especially docs. 71 (Nikolaus von Jeroschin on the Prussian Crusades, p.270-275), 80 (Siete Partidas, p.306-312).
- Amt, Emilie, ed. Women’s Lives in Medieval Europe: A Sourcebook. 2nd edition. London: Routledge, 2010. See especially doc. 34 (Anglo-Saxon Wills, p.114-117).
- Aquinas, Thomas. Summa of Theology, Q.96, “Dominion among Men in the State of Innocence” and Supplement, Q.52, “Is Slavery an Impediment to Marriage?” In St. Thomas Aquinas on Politics and Ethics, edited by Paul Sigmund, 38-39 and 82-83. New York: W.W. Norton, 1988. (13th century)
- Barker, Hannah. “The Risk of Birth: Life Insurance for Enslaved Pregnant Women in Fifteenth-Century Genoa.” Journal of Global Slavery 6.2 (2021): 1-31. (15th century)
- Bill of Sale for Saracen Slave Girls, 1248 in Marseilles. From Roy C. Cave & Herbert H. Coulson, A Source Book for Medieval Economic History (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Co., 1936; reprint ed., New York: Biblo & Tannen, 1965), 302. (13th century)
- Brucker, Gene, ed. The Society of Renaissance Florence: A Documentary Study. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1971. See especially docs. 106 (Slavery Legalized, p.222), 107 (The Search for Slaves, p.223), 108 (Christians Forced Into Slavery, p.223-224), 109 (The Tribulations of a Slave Girl, p.224-228).
- Cain Adamnain: An Old-Irish Treatise on the Law of Adamnan (9th century)
- Council of Agde, Concerning Slaves of the Church (6th century)
- Council of Orleans, Concerning Freedmen, 549 (6th century)
- Council of Worms, On the Murder of Slaves, 876 (9th century)
- DeVries, Kelly, and Michael Livingston. Medieval Warfare: A Reader. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019. See especially doc. 120 (Enslaving Noble Hostages).
- Domesday Book: A Complete Translation. Trans. Ann Williams and G.H. Martin. London: Penguin, 2003. (11th century) Slaves are recorded more clearly in some shires than others. I usually use Herefordshire.
- The Formularies of Angers and Marculf: Two Merovingian Legal Handbooks, ed. Alice Rio. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2008.
- Fourth Council of Toledo, On the Keeping of Slaves, 633
- Gregory of Tours, “Enslaving Noble Families”
- Jansen, Katherine, Joanna Drell, and Frances Andrews. Medieval Italy: Texts in Translation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009. See especially docs. 47 (The Laws of Roger II, p.175-186), 112 (Will of Docibilis I of Gaeta, p.501-515).
- Kapitaikin, Lev. “David’s Dancers in Palermo: Islamic Dance Imagery and Its Christian Recontextualization in the Ceilings of the Cappella Palatina.” Early Music 47, no. 1 (2019): 3–23. (Includes images)
- Laws of William the Conqueror
- Lopez, Robert, and Irving Raymond, eds. Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. See especially docs. 7 (Pactum Sicardi, p.33-35), 13 (Slave Sale Contract at Milan, p.45-46), 44 (Slave Sale Contract at Genoa, p.115-116), 56 (Brokerage Fees at Narbonne, p.130-135), 156 (A Byzantine Complaint Against Venice, p.314-317), 195 (News from Genoa, p.400-403).
- Lullo, Archbishop of Mainz, on the traffic in ecclesiastical serfs, c.755
- Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim and Jewish Sources, ed. Olivia Remie Constable. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. See especially docs. 3 (Third Council of Toledo, p.12-20), 18 (Ibn Hazm, “On Forgetting a Beloved,” p.103-106), 37 (Statutes of Leon and Girona, p.211-220), 44 (“Hadith Bayad wa Riyad,” p.252-259), 55 (“Everyday Life in the Crown of Aragon,” p.310-321), 65 (“Slavery in Castile: Siete Partidas,” p.393-398), and 83 (“Muslims and Christians in Valencia,” p.491-495).
- Mihailović, Konstantin. Memoirs of a Janissary. Edited by Svat Soucek, translated by Benjamin Stolz. Princeton: Markus Wiener, 2011.
- Morreale, Laura K. “Enslaved Persons in Late 14th-Century Florence.” In The Documentary Archaeology of Late Medieval Europe, edited by Daniel Lord Smail, Gabriel H. Pizzorno, and Laura Morreale, 2020.
- Patton, Pamela. “What Did Medieval Slavery Look Like? Color, Race, and Unfreedom in Later Medieval Iberia.” Speculum 97, no. 3 (2022): 649-697.
- Peter the Venerable vs. Bernard of Clairvaux, On the Keeping of Serfs, c.1120
- Pope Gregory I, On Manumission and Redemption, c.600
- Pope Gregory III to the Archbishop of Mainz on not selling Christians to pagans for sacrificial rites, 731
- Rodriguez, Jarbel. Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015. See especially docs. 3 (Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius, p.7-9), 42 (Las Siete Partidas, p.221-224), 47 (Truce Between the Turks and the Genoese Safeguarding the Rights of Merchants, p.236-237), 89 (Andres Bernaldez, The Taking and Freeing of Captives in Iberia, p.433-434).
- Roman-British Copper-Alloy Figurine of a Bound Captive (2nd-3rd century)
- Roman Coin (Lyons Mint), Emperor Dragging a Captive (4th century)
- Rosenwein, Barbara, ed. Reading the Middle Ages: Sources from Europe, Byzantium, and the Islamic World. 3rd edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2018. See especially docs. 2.10 (Life of St. Balthild, p.88-92), 3.3 (A Contract of Sale, p.114)
- Smail, Daniel Lord. “The Slave Anna.” In The Documentary Archaeology of Late Medieval Europe, edited by Daniel Lord Smail, Gabriel H. Pizzorno, and Laura Morreale. 2020.
- St. Eligius, Redemption of Slaves, c.630 (7th century)
- St. Patrick’s Confessio (5th century)
- Salic Law (6th century), excerpts. In Readings in Medieval History, edited by Patrick Geary, 122-128. 4th edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.
- Schiltberger, Johann. The Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger, A Native of Bavaria, in Europe, Asia, and Africa, 1396-1427. Translated by J. Buchan Telfer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Reprint of the 1879 edition.
- Somerville, Angus A., and R. Andrew McDonald. The Viking Age: A Reader. 3rd edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020. See especially docs. 5 (Hoskuld Buys a Slave), 6 (Slave Revolts), 7 (How the Hersir Erling Treated His Slaves), 43 (The Life of Saint Findan).
Selected Bibliography
- Bailey, Lisa K. “Handmaids of God: Images of Service in the Lives of Merovingian Female Saints.” Journal of Religious History 43.3 (2019): 359-379.
- Barker, Hannah. That Most Precious Merchandise: The Mediterranean Trade in Black Sea Slaves, 1260-1500. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.
- Barker, Hannah. “The Trade in Slaves in the Black Sea, Russia, and Eastern Europe.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 2, AD 500 – AD 1420, ed. Craig Perry, David Eltis, Stanley Engerman, and David Richardson, 100-122. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
- Barton, Simon. Conquerors, Brides, and Concubines: Interfaith Relations and Social Power in Medieval Iberia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.
- Bensch, Stephen P. “From Prizes of War to Domestic Merchandise: The Changing Face of Slavery in Catalonia and Aragon, 1000-1300.” Viator 25 (1994): 63-93.
- Blumenthal, Debra. “Sclaves molt fortes, senyors invalts: Sex, lies, and paternity suits in late medieval Spain.” In Women, Texts and Authority in the Early Modern Spanish World, edited by M. Vicente and L. Corteguera. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Press, 2003.
- Blumenthal, Debra. Enemies & Familiars: Slavery and Mastery in Fifteenth-Century Valencia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009.
- Blumenthal, Debra. “Slavery in Medieval Iberia.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 2, AD 500 – AD 1420, ed. Craig Perry, David Eltis, Stanley Engerman, and David Richardson, 508-530. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
- Bonazza, Giulia. “Slavery in the Mediterranean.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History, ed. Damian Pargas and Juliane Schiel. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023. This book is open-access.
- Brackett, John. “Race and Rulership: Alessandro de’ Medici, First Medici Duke of Florence, 1529-1537,” in Black Africans in Renaissance Europe, edited by T.F. Earle and K.J.P. Lowe, 303-325. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
- Brink, Stefan, “Slavery in the Viking Age.” In The Viking World, edited by Stefan Brink and Neil Price, 49-56. London: Routledge, 2008.
- Brink, Stefan. Thraldom: A History of Slavery in the Viking Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
- Burns, Robert I. “Interactive Slave Operations: Muslim-Christian-Jewish Contracts in Thirteenth-Century Barcelona.” Medieval Encounters 5, no. 2 (1999): 135-155.
- Cavaciocchi, Simonetta, ed. Serfdom and Slavery in the European Economy, 11th – 18th Centuries. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2014. [chapters in various languages]
- Constable, Olivia Remie. “Spain and Mediterranean Slavery: The Medieval Slave Trade as an Aspect of Muslim-Christian Relations.” In Christendom and its Discontents: Exclusion, Persecution, and Rebellion, 1000-1500, edited by Scott L. Waugh and Peter D. Diehl, 264-284. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
- Coupland, Simon. “The Vikings on the Continent in Myth and History,” History 88, no. 290 (2003): 186-203.
- Davis, David B. The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
- De Sousa, Lúcio. The Portuguese Slave Trade in Early Modern Japan: Merchants, Jesuits and Japanese, Chinese, and Korean Slaves. Leiden: Brill, 2018.
- Delvaux, Matthew C. “Transregional Slave Networks of the Northern Arc, 700–900 C.E.” Ph.D. dissertation, Boston College, 2019.
- Dockès, Pierre. Medieval Slavery and Liberation. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
- Ebenesersdóttir, S. Sunna et al., “Ancient Genomes from Iceland Reveal the Making of a Human Population.” Science 360, no. 6392 (2018): 1028–32.
- Epstein, Steven A. “Attitudes Towards Blackness.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 2, AD 500 – AD 1420, ed. Craig Perry, David Eltis, Stanley Engerman, and David Richardson, 214-239. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
- Epstein, Steven A. Speaking of Slavery: Color, Ethnicity, and Human Bondage in Italy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001.
- Evans Grubbs, Judith. “Child Enslavement in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 2, AD 500 – AD 1420, ed. Craig Perry, David Eltis, Stanley Engerman, and David Richardson, 155-184. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
- Fancy, Hussein. “Captivity, Ransom, and Manumission, 500-1420.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 2, AD 500 – AD 1420, ed. Craig Perry, David Eltis, Stanley Engerman, and David Richardson, 53-75. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
- Fontaine, Janel M. “Early Medieval Slave-Trading in the Archaeological Record: Comparative Methodologies.” Early Medieval Europe 25, no. 4 (2017): 466–88.
- Freed, John. “The Origins of the European Nobility: The Problem of the Ministerials.” Viator 7 (1976): 211-241.
- Fynn-Paul, Jeffrey. “Empire, Monotheism and Slavery in the Greater Mediterranean Region from Antiquity to the Early Modern Era.” Past and Present 205 (2009): 3-40.
- Fynn-Paul, Jeff. “The Greater Mediterranean Slave Trade.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 2, AD 500 – AD 1420, ed. Craig Perry, David Eltis, Stanley Engerman, and David Richardson, 27-52. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
- Gillingham, John. “Women, Children, and the Profits of War,” in Gender and Historiography: Studies in the Earlier Middle Ages in Honour of Pauline Stafford, edited by Janet Nelson, Susan Reynolds, and Susan Johns, 61-74. London: Institute of Historical Research, 2012.
- Glancy, Jennifer. Slavery in Early Christianity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
- Goldenberg, David. The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.
- Goodman, Jack. “Slavery and Manumission in Fourteenth-Century Palermo.” Ph.D. diss., Western Michigan University, 2017.
- Griffiths, Fiona. “Wives, Concubines, or Slaves? Peter Damian and Clerics’ Women.” Early Medieval Europe 30, no. 2 (2022): 266-290.
- Guérin, Sara M. “Ivory and the Ties that Bind.” In Whose Middle Ages? Teachable Moments for an Ill-Used Past, edited by Andrew Albin, Mary C. Erler, Thomas O’Donnell, Nicholas L. Paul, and Nina Rowe, 140-153. New York: Fordham University Press, 2019.
- Harper, Kyle. Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275-425. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
- Harill, J. Albert. The Manumission of Slaves in Early Christianity. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1995.
- Helmholz, R.H. “The Law of Slavery and the European Ius Commune.” In The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary, edited by Jean Allain, 17-39. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
- Henning, Joachim. “Strong Rulers – Weak Economy? Rome, the Carolingians and the Archaeology of Slavery in the First Millennium AD.” In The Long Morning of Medieval Europe: New Directions in Early Medieval Studies, edited by Jennifer R. Davis and Michael McCormick, 33-53. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008.
- Herder, Michelle. “Serving in the Cloister: Slaves, Servants, and Discipline in Late Medieval Nunneries,” in Boundaries in the Medieval and Wider World: Essays in Honour of Paul Freedman, edited by Thomas Barton, Susan McDonough, Sara McDougall, and Matthew Wranovix, 137-52. Turnhout: Brepols, 2017.
- Hershenzon, Daniel. “Towards a Connected History of Bondage in the Mediterranean: Recent Trends in the Field.” History Compass 15 (2017): 1-13.
- Hershenzon, Daniel. The Captive Sea: Slavery, Communication and Commerce in Early Modern Spain and the Mediterranean. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.
- Holm, Poul. “The Slave Trade of Dublin, Ninth to Twelfth Centuries.” Perita 5 (1986): 317–45.
- Karras, Ruth Mazo. Slavery and Society in Medieval Scandinavia, Yale Historical Publications 135. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
- Karras, Ruth Mazo. “Concubinage and Slavery in the Viking Age.” Scandinavian Studies 62, no. 2 (1990): 141–62.
- Karras, Ruth Mazo. “Injection: A Gender Perspective on Domestic Slavery.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History, ed. Damian Pargas and Juliane Schiel. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023. This book is open-access.
- Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane. “Women Servants in Florence during the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries,” in Women and Work in Preindustrial Europe, edited by Barbara Hanawalt, 56-80. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986.
- Korpela, Jukka Jari. Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600. Studies in Global Slavery 5. Leiden: Brill, 2018.
- Köstlbauer, Josef. “Slavery in the Holy Roman Empire.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History, ed. Damian Pargas and Juliane Schiel. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023. This book is open-access.
- Labovitz, Gail. “More Slave Women, More Lewdness: Freedom and Honor in Rabbinic Constructions of Female Sexuality.” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 28:2 (2012): 69-87.
- Lowe, Kate. “The Lives of African Slaves and People of African Descent in Renaissance Europe,” in Revealing the African Presence in Renaissance Europe, edited by Joaneath Spicer, 13-34. Baltimore: Walters Art Museum, 2012.
- McCormick, Michael. “New Light on the ‘Dark Ages’: How the Slave Trade Fuelled the Carolingian Economy.” Past and Present 177 (2002): 17–54.
- McKee, Sally. “Domestic Slavery in Renaissance Italy.” Slavery & Abolition 29 (2008): 305-326.
- McKee, Sally. “The Implications of Slave Women’s Sexual Service in Italy.” In Unfreie Arbeit Ökonomische und kulturgeschichtliche Perspektiven, edited by M. Erden Kabadayi and Tobias Reichardt, Hildesheim: Georg Ulms Verlag, 2007.
- Melton, Edgar. “Manorialism and Rural Subjection in East Central Europe, 1500-1800.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 3, AD 1420 – AD 1804, edited by David Eltis and Stanley Engerman, 297-324. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
- Meyerson, Mark. “Slavery and the Social Order: Mudejars and Christians in the Kingdom of Valencia.” Medieval Encounters 1, no. 1 (1995): 144-73.
- Naumann, Elise et al., “Slaves as Burial Gifts in Viking Age Norway? Evidence from Stable Isotope and Ancient DNA Analyses.” Journal of Archaeological Science 41 (2014): 533–40.
- Østhus, Hanne. “The case of Adam Jacobsen. Enslavement in eighteenth-century Norway.” Scandinavian Journal of History (2023).
- Painter, Nell Irvin. The History of White People. New York: W.W. Norton, 2010.
- Pelteret, David. Slavery in Early Medieval England: From the Reign of Alfred until the Twelfth Century. Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 1995.
- Perry, Craig. “Slavery and Agency in the Middle Ages.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 2, AD 500 – AD 1420, ed. Craig Perry, David Eltis, Stanley Engerman, and David Richardson, 240-267. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
- Perry, Matthew J. Gender, Manumission, and the Roman Freedwoman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
- Phillips, William D. Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2014.
- Phillips, William D. Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985.
- Raffield, Ben. “The Slave Markets of the Viking World: Comparative Perspectives on an ‘Invisible Archaeology.’” Slavery and Abolition 40, no. 4 (2019): 682–705.
- Raffield, Ben. “Raiding, Slaving, and the Economies of Unfreedom in the Viking Diaspora.” SAA Archaeological Record 18, no. 3 (2018): 32–34.
- Randsborg, Klavs. “The Study of Slavery in Northern Europe: An Archaeological Approach.” Acta Archaeologica 55 (1984): 155–60.
- Rio, Alice. Slavery After Rome, 500-1100. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
- Rio, Alice. “Slavery in the Carolingian Empire.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 2, AD 500 – AD 1420, ed. Craig Perry, David Eltis, Stanley Engerman, and David Richardson, 431-452. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
- Rodriguez, Jarbel. Captives and their Saviors in the Medieval Crown of Aragon. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2007.
- Rosen, Mark. “Pietro Tacca’s Quattro Mori and the Conditions of Slavery in Early Seicento Tuscany.” Art Bulletin 97, no. 1 (2015): 34-57.
- Roslund, Mats. Guests on the House: Cultural Transmission between Slavs and Scandinavians 900 to 1300 AD, trans. Alan Crozier. The Northern World 33. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
- Salicrú i Lluch, Roser. “Luck and Contingency? Piracy, Human Booty and Human-Trafficking in the Late Medieval Western Mediterranean.” In Seeraub im Mittelmeerraum Piraterie, Korsarentum und maritime Gewalt von der Antike bis zur Neuzeit, edited by Nikolas Jausbert, vol. 3, 347–362. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2013.
- Schiel, Juliane. “‘Slaves’ Religious Choice in Renaissance Venice: Applying Insights from Missionary Narratives to Slave Baptism Records.” Archivio veneto 146 (2015): 23-45.
- Schiel, Juliane, and Stefan Hanß, eds. Mediterranean Slavery Revisited (500-1800), Neue Perspektiven auf mediterrane Sklaverei (500-1800). Zürich: Chronos Verlag, 2014.
- Schiel, Juliane. “Slavery in the Western Mediterranean.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History, ed. Damian Pargas and Juliane Schiel. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023. This book is open-access.
- Schiel, Juliane. “The Ragusan “Maids-of-all-Work”. Shifting Labor Relations in the Late Medieval Adriatic Sea Region.” Journal of Global Slavery 5.2 (2020): 139–169.
- Seaver, Kristen A. “Thralls and Queens: Female Slavery in the Medieval Norse Atlantic.” In Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean, and the Medieval North Atlantic, edited by Gwyn Campbell, Suzanne Miers, and Joseph C. Miller, 147-167. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2007.
- Sommar, Mary. The Slaves of the Churches: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.
- Stuard, Susan Mosher. “Ancillary Evidence for the Decline of Medieval Slavery.” Past and Present 149 (1995): 3-28.
- Sutt, Cameron. “Zalava, Slave in the Kingdom of Hungary.” In Portraits of Medieval Eastern Europe, 900-1400, ed. Donald Ostrowski and Christian Raffensperger, chapter 14. New York: Routledge, 2018.
- Weber, Klaus. “Injection: Atlantic Slavery and Commodity Chains.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History, ed. Damian Pargas and Juliane Schiel. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023. This book is open-access.
- Winer, Rebecca Lynn. “Conscripting the Breast: Lactation, Slavery and Salvation in the Realms of Aragon and Kingdom of Majorca, c. 1250–1300.” Journal of Medieval History 34:2 (2008): 164-184.
- Winer, Rebecca Lynn. “Jews, Slave-Holding, and Gender in the Crown of Aragon circa 1250-1492.” In Cautivas y esclavas: el tráfico humano en el Mediterráneo, edited by Aurelia Martín Casares and María Cristina Delaigue Séris, 43-60. Granada: University of Granada, 2017.
- Wyatt, David. Slaves and Warriors in Medieval Britain and Ireland, 800-1200. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
- Wyatt, David. “Slavery in Northern Europe (Scandinavia and Iceland) and the British Isles, 500-1420.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 2, AD 500 – AD 1420, ed. Craig Perry, David Eltis, Stanley Engerman, and David Richardson, 482-507. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
Contributors
Hannah Barker, Debra Blumenthal, Colten Cook, Lúcio de Sousa, Matthew Delvaux, Janel Fontaine, Matthew S. Gordon, Frances Hisgen, Rena Lauer, Noel Lenski, Maria Olsen, Cody Osguthorpe, Pamela Patton, Joshua Robinaugh, Valentin Skald, Kevin Wang, Rebecca Winer, Angela Zhang, Michelle Ziegler