17th Century and Later
Primary Sources On This Website
- La Cautiva Marcelina (North America)
- Indian soldiers from the province of Coritiba, bringing back captives (South America)
- Laborers, Servants, and “Chosen Women” in the Inca Empire (South America)
- The Law of Enslaving Starving Children (East Asia)
- Resisting Captivity in the Sulaiman Mountains (South Asia, Russia and Central Asia)
- The Sabil-Kuttab of Yusuf Agha Dar al-Saʿadat in Cairo (Middle East and North Africa)
- Warfare in Illinois Indian Culture (North America)
- Yanoáma: The Story of Helena Valero (South America)
Primary Sources Elsewhere
- Almeida, Manuel de. Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646, being Extracts from The History of High Ethiopia or Abassia by Manoel de Almeida. Translated and edited by C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford. London: Hakluyt Society, 1954.
- Atkins, John. A Voyage to Guinea, Brazil, and the West Indies in His Majesty’s Ships, the Swallow and Weymouth: Describing the Several Islands and Settlements, Viz : Madeira, the Canaries, Cape de Verde, Sierra Leone, Sesthos, Cape Apollonia, Cabo Corfo, and Others on the Guinea Coast; Barbadoes, Jamaica, Andc. in the West Indies: the Colour, Diet, Languages, Habits, Manners, Customs, and Religions of the Respective Natives, and Inhabitants : with Remarks on the Gold, Ivory, and Slave Trade: and on the Winds, Tides and Currents of the Several Coasts. London: Routledge, 2013. [originally published 1735]
- Behn, Aphra. Orronoko, Or, the Royal Slave: A True History. London, 1688.
- Bosman, Willem. A New and Accurate Description of the Coast of Guinea Divided into the Gold, the Slave, and the Ivory Coasts. … Illustrated with Several Cutts. Written Originally in Dutch by William Bosman, … To Which Is Prefix’d, an Exact Map of the Whole Coast of Guinea. London: printed for James Knapton, and Dan. Midwinter, 1705.
- Cobo, Bernabé. History of the Inca Empire: An Account of the Indians’ Customs and Their Origin, Together with a Treatise on Inca Legends, History, and Social Institutions. Translated by Roland Hamilton. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.
- Cobo, Bernabé. Inca Religion and Customs. Translated by Roland Hamilton. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
- Early Travels in India, 1583-1619. Edited by William Foster. New Delhi: S. Chand, 1968.
- Fryer, John. A New Account of East India and Persia, being nine Years’ Travels, 1672-1681. Edited by William Crooke. Vol. 2. London: Hakluyt Society, 1912.
- Garcilaso de la Vega, El Inca. Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru. 2 vols. Translated by Harold Livermore. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1966.
- Guaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe. El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno. Edited by Rolena Adorno, John Murra, and Jorge Urioste. Mexico: Siglo Veintiuno, 1980.
- Jahangir. The Tuzuk-i Jahangiri, or Memoirs of Jahangir. Translated by Alexander Rogers, edited by Henry Beveridge. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1909-1914. Repr. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1968.
- Kadiri, A.A. “Inscriptions of the Sidi Chiefs of Janjira.” Epigraphia Indica, Arabic and Persian supplement (1966), 55-76.
- Kim, Sun Joo. “My Own Flesh and Blood: Stratified Parental Compassion and Law in Korean Slavery.” Social History 44, no. 1 (2019): 1-25.
- Leach, Linda York. Mughal and Other Indian Paintings from the Chester Beatty Library. London: Scorpion Cavendish, 1995. Vol. 1, pp. 401-405.
- McDonald, Kevin P. “Appendix I: Slave Trade Ships in Madagascar, 1663-1747.” In Pirates, Merchants, Settlers, and Slaves: Colonial America and the Indo-Atlantic World, 178-183. University of California Press, 2015.
- Murúa, Martín de. Historia general del Piru: Facsimile of J. Paul Getty Museum Ms. Ludwig XIII 16. Edited by Barbara Anderson and Thomas Cumming. Los Angeles: The Getty Research Institute, 2008.
- Mu‘tamad Khan, Muhammad Sarif. Iqbal-nama-yi Jahangiri. In History of India as Told by its Own Historians. Vol. 6. Edited and translated by Henry M. Elliot and John Dowson. Allahabad, 1964.
- Peabody, Sue, and Keila Grinberg, eds. Slavery, Freedom, and the Law in the Atlantic World: A Brief History with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s 2007. See especially See especially docs. 1 (The Code Noir, 1685), 23 (Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala, African Slaves and Incas in Seventeenth-Century Peru, ca. 1615) and 34 (Portuguese Crown, Ordinances and Laws of the Kingdom of Portugal Compiled by Mandate of the Very High Catholic and Powerful King Philip, 1603).
- Post, Frans. 1656. Plantation Settlement in Brazil. Place: Sammlung Thyssen-Bornemisza. [Search on ArtStor]
- Post, Frans. 1637-44. Sugar Mill. Place: Musées royaux des beaux-arts de Belgique. [Search on ArtStor]
- Sandoval, Alonso de, S.J. Treatise on Slavery: Selections from De instauranda Aethiopum salute. Edited, translated, and with an introduction by Nicole von Germeten. Indianapolis: Hackett, 2008.
- Seaver, James E. A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison, ed. June Namias. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995.
- Westra, Piet and James Armstrong, Eds. Slave Trade with Madagascar: The Journals of the Cape Slaver Leijdsman, 1715. Cape Town, South Africa: Africana Publishers, 2006.
Selected Bibliography
- Ali, Omar. Malik Ambar: Power and Slavery Across the Indian Ocean. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
- Ali, Shanti Sadiq. African Dispersal in the Deccan. New Delhi: Sangam, 1996.
- Barr, Juliana. “From Captives to Slaves: Commodifying Indian Women in the Borderlands.” Journal of American History. 92, no. 1 (2005): 19-46.
- Barry, Boubacar. Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
- Bauss, Rudy. “The Portuguese Slave Trade from Mozambique to Portuguese India and Macau and Comments on Timor, 1750-1850: New Evidence from the Archives,” in Camoes Center Quarterly 6 and 7, nos. 1 and 2 (1997): 21-26.
- Beemer, Bryce. “Southeast Asian Slavery and Slave Gathering Warfare as a Vector for Cultural Transmission: The Case of Burma and Thailand.” The Historian 71, no. 3 (2009): 481-506.
- Bennett, Herman. Africans in Colonial Mexico: Absolutism, Christianity and Afro-Creole Consciousness, 1570-1640. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.
- Bennett, Herman. African Kings and Black Slaves: Sovereignty and Dispossession in the Early Modern Atlantic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.
- Bialuschewski, Arne. “Pirates, Slavers, and the Indigenous Population in Madagascar, c. 1690-1715.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 38.3 (2005): 401–25.
- Blackburn, Robin. The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800. London: Verso, 1997.
- Booth, Marilyn, ed. Harem Histories: Envisioning Places and Living Spaces. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010.
- Botelho, Tarcisio R. “Labour Ideologies and Labour Relations in Colonial Portuguese America, 1500-1700.” International Review of Social History 56 (2011): 275-296.
- Brockington, Lolita Gutiérrez. “The African Diaspora in the Eastern Andes: Adaptation, Agency, and Fugutive Action, 1573-1677.” The Americas 57.2 (2000): 207-224.
- Brooks, James F. Captives and Cousins: Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest Borderlands. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
- Brugge, David M. Navajos in the Catholic Church Records of New Mexico 1694-1875. 3rd ed. Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press, 2010.
- Bowser, Brenda J. “Captives in Amazonia: Becoming Kin in a Predatory Landscape.” In Invisible Citizens: Captives and their Consequences, edited by Catherine M. Cameron, 262-282. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2008.
- Chambouleyron, Rafael. “The ‘Government of the Sertões and Indians:’ Aguardente, Sugar, and Indians in Colonial Amazonia (Seventeenth Century).” The Americas 77.1 (2020): 3-39.
- Chatterjee, Indrani. “A Slave’s Quest for Selfhood in Eighteenth-Century Hindustan,” Indian Economic and Social History Review 37, no. 1 (2000): 53-85.
- Chatterjee, Indrani, and Richard Eaton, eds. Slavery and South Asian History. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2006.
- Cole, Jeffrey A. The Potosí Mita, 1573-1700: Compulsory Indian Labor in the Andes. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985.
- De Sousa, Lúcio. The Portuguese Slave Trade in Early Modern Japan: Merchants, Jesuits and Japanese, Chinese, and Korean Slaves. Leiden: Brill, 2018.
- Donald, Leland. Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
- DuVal, Kathleen. “Indian Intermarriage and Métissage in Colonial Louisiana.” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 65, no. 2, (April 2008): 267-304
- Eaton, Richard M. “Malik Ambar (1548-1626): the Rise and Fall of Military Slavery,” in Richard M. Eaton, A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives 105-28. Cambridge, 2005.
- Echeverri, Marcela. “‘Enraged to the Limit of Despair:’ Infanticide and Slave Judicial Strategies in Barbacoas, 1788-98.” Slavery and Abolition 30.3 (2009): 403-426.
- El Hamel, Chouki. Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
- Ethridge, Robbie, and Sheri M. Shuck-Hall, eds. Mapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone: The Colonial Indian Slave Trade and Regional Instability in the American South. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.
- Gallay, Alan. The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.
- Goetz, Rebecca. The Baptism of Early Virgina: How Christianity Created Race. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012.
- Gommans, Jos. Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500-1700. London and New York: Routledge, 2002.
- Gordon, Stewart. “War, the Military, and the Environment: Central India, 1560-1820.” In Natural Enemy, Natural Ally: toward an Environmental History of Warfare, edited by Richard P. Tucker and Edmund Russell. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 2004.
- Graubart, Karen B. With Our Labor and Sweat: Indigenous Women and the Formation of Colonial Society in Peru, 1550-1700. Stanford: Stanford Universty Press, 2007.
- Guasco, Michael. “To ‘Doe Some Good Upon Their Countrymen’: The Paradox of Indian Slavery in Early Anglo-America.” Journal of Social History 41, no. 2 (2007): 389-411.
- Habicht-Mauche, Judith. “Captive Wives? The Role and Status of Non-Local Women on the Protohistoric Southern High Plains.” In Invisible Citizens: Captives and Their Consequences, edited by Catherine M. Cameron, 181-204. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2008.
- Hämäläinen, Pekka. The Comanche Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.
- Hamilton, Scott. The Stolen Island: Searching for ‘Ata. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 2016.
- Hathaway, Jane. The Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Harem: From African Slave to Power-Broker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
- Hawthorne, Walter. “Nourishing a Stateless Society during the Slave Trade: The Rise of Balanta Paddy-Rice Production in Guinea-Bissau.” Journal of African History 42.1 (2001): 1-24.
- Hellie, Richard. Slavery in Russia, 1450-1725. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
- Hellie, Richard. “Muscovite Lives: A Serf and a Slave.” In Portraits of Old Russia, ed. Donald Ostrowski and Marshall T. Poe, chapter 22. New York: Routledge, 2011.
- Hershenzon, Daniel. The Captive Sea: Slavery, Communication and Commerce in Early Modern Spain and the Mediterranean. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.
- Heywood, Linda M. “Slavery and Its Transformation in the Kingdom of Kongo: 1491-1800.” The Journal of African History 50, no. 1 (2009): 1–22.
- Horne, Gerald. The White Pacific: U.S. Imperialism and Black Slavery in the South Seas after the Civil War. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2007.
- Johnston, Katherine. The Nature of Slavery: Environment and Plantation Labor in the Anglo-Atlantic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022.
- Kallander, Amy Aisen. Women, Gender, and the Palace Households of Ottoman Tunisia. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2013.
- Kelton, Paul K. Epidemics and Enslavement: Biological Catastrophe in the Native Southeast, 1492–1715. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007.
- Kusimba, Chapurukha. “Archaeology of Slavery in East Africa.” African Archaeological Review 21 (2004): 59-88.
- Lane, Kris. “The Transition from Encomienda to Slavery in Seventeenth-Century Barbacoas (Colombia).” Slavery & Abolition 21.1 (2000): 73-95.
- Lane, Kris. Quito 1599: City and Colony in Transition. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002.
- Larson, Brooke. Colonalism and Agrarian Transformation in Bolivia: Cochabamba, 1550-1900. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998 [1988].
- Latasa, Pilar. “’If They Remained as Mere Words:’ Trent, Marriage, and Freedom in the Viceroyalty of Peru, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries.” The Americas 73.1 (2016): 13-38.
- Lovejoy, Paul E. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. 3rd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. See especially chapters 1 and 2, p. 1-45.
- Marchant, Alexander. From Barter to Slavery: The Economic Relations of Portuguese Indians in the Settlement of Brazil, 1500-1580. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1942.
- Martin, Bonnie and James Brooks. Linking the Histories of Slavery: North America and its Borderlands. Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press, 2015.
- Martínez, María Elena. “The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico.” The William and Mary Quarterly 61, no. 3 (2004).
- McKinley, Michelle. “Fractional Freedoms: Slavery, Legal Activism and Ecclesiastical Courts in Colonial Lima, 1593-1689.” Law & History Review 28.3 (2010): 749-790.
- McKnight, Kathryn Joy. “Confronted Rituals: Spanish Colonial and Angolan ‘Maroon’ Executions in Cartagena de Indias (1634).” Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 5.3 (2004): np.
- Medina, Charles Beatty. “Caught Between Rivals: The Spanish-African Maroon Competition for Captive Indian Labor in the Region of Esmeraldas During the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries.” The Americas 63, no. 1 (2006): 113–136.
- Montero, Raquel Gil. “Free and Unfree Labour in the Colonial Andes in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.” International Review of Social History 56 (2011): 297-318.
- Montero, Raquel Gil and Paula C. Zagalsky. “Colonial Organization of Mine Labour in Charcas (Present-Day Bolivia) and its Consequences (Sixteenth to the Seventeenth Centuries).” International Review of Social History 61 (2016): 71-92.
- Morgan, Jennifer. “Partus sequitur ventrem: Law, Race, and Reproduction in Colonial Slavery.” Small Axe 22, no. 1 (2018): 1-17.
- Morrissey, Robert. “The Power of the Ecotone: Bison, Slaves, and the Rise and Fall of the Grand Village of the Kaskaskia.” Journal of American History 102 (2015): 667-692.
- Newson, Linda A. & Susie Minchin. “Slave Mortality and African Origins: A View from Cartagena, Colombia, in the Early Seventeenth Century.” Slavery & Abolition 25.3 (2004): 18-43.
- Newson, Linda A. and Susie Minchin. From Capture to Sale: The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish South America in the Early Seventeenth Century. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
- Østhus, Hanne. “The case of Adam Jacobsen. Enslavement in eighteenth-century Norway.” Scandinavian Journal of History (2023).
- Owensby, Brian. “How Juan and Leonor Won their Freedom: Litigation and Liberty in Seventeenth-Century Mexico.” Hispanic American Historical Review 85.1 (2005): 39-79.
- Pankhurst, Richard. A Social History of Ethiopia: the Northern and Central Highlands from Early Medieval Times to the Rise of Emperor Tewodros II. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1992.
- Pankhurst, Richard. The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Lawrence, KS: Red Sea Press, 1997.
- Petrie, Hazel. “Decoding the colours of rank in Maori society: what might they tell us about perceptions of war captives?” The Journal of the Polynesian Society 120, no. 3 (2011): 211-239.
- Pierce, Leslie P. The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
- Pillsbury, Joanne, ed. Guide to documentary sources for Andean studies, 1530-1900. 3 vols. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008.
- Pinto, Jeanette. Slavery in Portuguese India (1510-1842). Bombay: Himalaya Publishing House, 1992.
- Ramey Berry, Daina. The Price for their Pound of Flesh: The Value of the Enslaved, from Womb to Grave, in the Building of a Nation. Boston: Beacon Press, 2017.
- Reséndez, Andrés. The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016.
- Rosen, Mark. “Pietro Tacca’s Quattro Mori and the Conditions of Slavery in Early Seicento Tuscany.” Art Bulletin 97, no. 1 (2015): 34-57.
- Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, Maria. History of the Inca Realm. Translated by Harry Iceland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
- Rushforth, Brett. “‘A Little Flesh We Offer You’: The Origins of Indian Slavery in New France.” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 60, no. 4 (2003): 777-808.
- Santos-Granero, Fernando. Vital Enemies: Slavery, Predation and the Amerindian Political Economy of Life. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009.
- Schultz, Kara D. “‘The Kingdom of Angola is not Very Far from Here:’ The South Atlantic Slave Port of Buenos Aires, 1585-1640.” Slavery & Abolition 36.3 (2015): 424-444.
- Schwartz, Stuart B. Sugar Plantations In the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550-1835. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004 [1986].
- Seijas, Tatiana. Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
- Seijas, Tatiana, and Pablo Miguel Sierra Silva. “The Persistence of the Slave Market in Seventeenth-Century Central Mexico.” Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies 37, no. 2 (2016): 307-33.
- Sierra Silva, Pablo Miguel. Urban Slavery in Colonial Mexico: Puebla de los Ángeles, 1531-1706. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
- Snyder, Christina. Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012.
- Staller, Jared. Converging on Cannibals : Terrors of Slaving in Atlantic Africa, 1509–1670. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2019.
- Starna, William A. and Ralph Watkins. “Northern Iroquoian Slavery.” Ethnohistory 38, no. 1 (1991): 34-57.
- Turner, Sasha. Contested Bodies: Pregnancy, Childrearing and Slavery in Jamaica. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.
- Vernet, T. “Slave trade and slavery on the Swahili coast (1500-1750).” In Slavery, Islam and Diaspora, ed. B. Mirzai, I.M. Montana, and P.E. Lovejoy, 37-76. Trenton: Africa World Press, 2009.
- Villa-Flores, Javier. “‘To Lose One’s Soul’: Blasphemy and Slavery in New Spain.” Hispanic American Historical Review 82, no. 3 (2002): 435-68.
- Vink, Marcus. “The World’s Oldest Trade: Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century, Journal of World History 14, no. 2 (2003), 131-77.
- Walden, Justine. “Capuchins, Missionaries, and Slave Trading in Precolonial Kongo-Angola, West Central Africa (17th Century).” Journal of Early Modern History 26 (2022): 38-58.
- Warren, Wendy. New England Bound: Slavery and Colonization in Early America. New York: Liveright Publishing, 2017.
- Wheat, David. “The First Great Waves: African Provenance Zones for the Transatlantic Slave Trade to Cartagena de Indias, 1570-1640.” Journal of African History 52.1 (2011): 1-22.
- Wickramasinghe, Nira. Slave in a Palanquin: Colonial Servitude and Resistance in Sri Lanka. New York: Columbia University Press, 2020.
- Witzenrath, Christoph. Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200-1860. Farnham: Ashgate, 2015.
- Zilfi, Madeline C. Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Contributors
Tanvir Ahmed, Carolyn Arena, Hannah Barker, Patricia Blessing, Catherine Cameron, Richard Eaton, Matthew Gordon, Kim Bok-rae, Stan Mirvis, Robert Michael Morrissey, Henriette Rødland, John Verano, Rebecca Winer